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Catalina de Erauso
(1585/92-1650)
The Lieutenant Nun
You know you’re in for a bumpy ride when you pick up an autobiography only to find that the author kills someone in a bar fight roughly every 5-6 pages. Such is the life of Catalina de Erauso, whose madcap disguised-as-a-man travels across South America come across like a 17th century episode of Cops. Her cycles of kill/hide/escape/repeat are so frequent that her story jumps rapidly from off-putting, to cartoonish, to… intriguing. For it’s only when one gives Erauso’s story a deeper inspection that her true cleverness reveals itself – after all, it’s not your everyday thug who is able to gin up a meeting with the Pope and get special dispensation to crossdress. More on that later.
Erauso started out her once-upon-a-times with a prison break and a clothing swap. Cooped up in a Spanish convent since from the age of 4, Erauso gradually grew more frustrated with her lack of freedom, not to mention the regular beatings from the nuns. So at age 15 she escaped her holdings, grabbing fabric to spin herself up a new costume, and thus a new identity. She was, however, not interested in Cinderella-ing herself up a pretty dress and a regal life: instead, Erauso made some dudes’ duds and took on the name “Francisco de Loyola.” She then set about chasing her dreams – which were apparently to drink, fight, and womanize.
She had the strength to chase her dreams – which were apparently to drink, fight, and womanize.
One of her most recurrent escapades was to kill someone, then seek sanctuary in a church. This started out at age 18 (or 11, depending whose version of birth year you buy) when she went to the theater, and a guy was rude to her, threatening to slice her with his sword. The next day, she used a whetstone to make a sawtoothed blade, hunted him down, and slashed him up. This came to a head months later, when he came back for revenge. She killed him and several of his friends, then ran to a church to seek sanctuary until the heat died down.
Evidently staying in the church until the heat died down suited her quite well, since she did it over and over again. Later she joined the army, getting put under the command of her brother (who didn’t recognize her). After banging his mistress for three years, he found out, they fought, she fled into a church, and… sanctuary! Later, she stabbed an army buddy in the chest over “a small misunderstanding” (gambling was involved). When a judge interceded, she sliced him in the face. Then she ran into a church, sanctuary! A year later, killed another dude over cards, fought the police, church, sanctuary! You get the picture.
An aside – I’ve mentioned her escapades with her brother’s mistress. This was not an isolated incident:
- Age 18: she romanced her boss’s mistress, to the point where said mistress cornered Erauso and demanded they sleep together. Erauso claimed she then “had to smack her one” to escape. Erauso then skipped town to Lima.
- Once in Lima, she flirted with her new boss’s sister-in-law, combing her hair and running a hand “up and down between her legs.” This got Erauso fired.
- Later, she got engaged to two separate women at the same time. When things progressed too far, she skipped town, right before marrying one of them. Evidently nobody ever knew she was a woman throughout any of this.
Back to her life in and out of the churches: after the judge-slicing, she stayed in a church for six months, surrounded outside by soldiers waiting to arrest her. She only left at the six-month mark to engage in a nighttime duel as a friend’s second. After killing her opponent, she realized it was her own brother, the army commander. This depressed her for almost a year (she wasn’t a monster). This is, in fact, the closest she gets to true introspection in the entire tersely-worded book.
Her retaliation, which boiled down to “stab him in police headquarters in broad daylight,” didn’t work out very well.
In fact, it was through her usage of the church as a “get out of jail free” card that her secret came out. After killing several more cops (at this point it’s hard to even keep track of why) and taking sanctuary again, she realized she was in deep trouble this time. So she confessed to the bishop that she was actually a woman, and gave him a somewhat sanitized account of her life. Somewhat skeptical, the bishop called in some old women to, uh, verify her claims. Not only did they do so – but they reported back that she was still a virgin.
This was, evidently, a big deal. Erauso’s intact hymen somehow wiped clean the previous two decades of murder, and the 35-year-old was declared a blessed individual, provided she devote herself to god. She did so, eventually even making her way to Pope Urban VIII, who gave her special leave to pursue her life in mens’ clothing. He did, however, chide her to not harm anyone else, taking special time to remind her of the Do Not Kill commandment.
After this brief international bout of fame, during which time she wrote her autobiography, Erauso ran out the rest of her life in relative quiet – although she did cut one more guy in the face over a game of cards, for good measure. One of the last anecdotes she gives in her autobiography is of her meeting a cardinal, who remarks, “your only fault is that you are a Spaniard.”
“With all due respect,” she replies, “that is my only virtue.”
(enjoy the art? you can get it as a poster, shirt or phone case!)Art Notes
- I didn’t know exactly what pronoun to use for Erauso, so I looked into what a lot of feminist scholars used. Turns out a most of them didn’t know what to use either. In the book, Erauso switches regularly from using male indicators to female indicators, whenever it suits her purpose (she’s a crafty devil). One academic went so far as to switch pronouns every sentence, which… was confusing. The vast majority of papers settled on female pronouns, mostly due to her proclamation late in the book that she was a woman (something she never denied, just hid). I’m no expert in such matters, so I’m deferring to majority expert opinion here.
- This is an extremely abbreviated overview of Erauso’s life. Her autobiography is short and easy to find, and I highly recommend it. I didn’t even mention her stealing from her uncle, her super-problematic attitudes regarding Native Americans, her deadly battle with a huge man named The Cid (where her cover was blown on a smaller scale), the tale of the blind-eyed horse, or any of her other numerous fights with cops. The whole thing is written about as matter-of-factly as humanly possible, and it’s a tremendously fun read. Check it out.
- Lastly, her autobiography is probably best to be taken skeptically. It was written in 1626, but not recovered and published until the 1800s. Regardless of whether some of the gorier details are accurate, the broad outlines of her life are verifiable, and the insight on culture at that time is generally true to life.
- She’s here depicted running into a church for Sanctuary, while Pope Urban VIII in the background puts up his hands in frustration at her consistent lawlessness.
- The cards she’s spilling everywhere are a very early Spanish variant of playing cards. You’ll notice there’s some duplicates, indicating she was cheating. She never says anything to that effect in her autobiography, but I imagine she probably did cheat.
- The church she’s running into is one in La Plata, one of the areas in which she traveled. It was built in the 1800s, but I’m pleading artistic license on this one.
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Next Time on Rejected Princesses
This ancient woman (or horse?) was given an iron leg — possibly the first one ever — to keep her going.
Hey, I got her too, and only my second guess!
Yay! I missing a girl like this, after la Maupin – they would be good friends. Is the woman in white that one who demanded Erauso to bed her?
Oops, mentioned this on the FB page before I saw there were comments here! Thank you so much for doing an entry on Catalina. I have a particular love for her since I did a digital history project on her last summer where I mapped her travels and did some analysis of her autobiography. If anyone’s interested, you can check it out over here!
http://lacaviness.iweb.bsu.edu/HIST650/index.html
You didn’t send it in on the form, so it got lost. :( My email is like a firehose, I can’t keep track of everything.
Meant to be her jilted bride, actually. But hey!
RAD! Thanks for sharing! :D
Sorry about that. I couldn’t find the link on the page, even after it was fixed. It’s probably my aged eyes. I’ve got it this time, though!
Er… Is it just me, or does she only have one eyebrow?
Just you. :) One’s up, one’s down.
(I work at really high resolution; please forgive the tiny imperfections you’ll find when you zoom in this close)
I was just coming to post the same thing. Erauso and D’Aubigny together would make for one hell of a party.
Cool detail about the cards! Those cards are still used nowadays to play several games, at least in Argentina (Escoba del 15, Tute Cabrero, Truco, etc.). In other South American countries, I’ve seen them used for “reading” in a similar way as the tarot cards.
A early Happy Birthday to you!
“…Pope Urban VIII in the background puts up his hands in frustration at her consistent lawlessness.”
Best part of the illustration, IMO.
Awesome to see this Basque featured on the site!
whats happening in the picture?
Hi, I came across this page as I was looking for stories to use with my 7th grade students. But while this one is perfect, I have to ask about the footnote about her “her super-problematic attitudes regarding Native Americans.” Elsewhere online, there are notes that she “participated in mass killings of Chuncos,” not just a “problematic attitude,” and that this was a reason for her lack of promotion in the military. Obviously finding something “online” is not a ringing endorsement of the information’s credibility, but if this is something for which there is verification, I’m not comfortable getting my students excited about her without telling them that, too.
I will look around a little more and see what I can turn up, but if you know more, please let me know!