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Osh-Tisch
(1854-1929)
Princess of Two Spirits
Meet Osh-Tisch, whose name translates to “Finds Them and Kills Them” in Crow. Osh-Tisch was an assigned-male-at-birth woman and was one of the last of the Crow Nation baté (Two Spirit spiritual leaders [what’s a Two Spirit?])—oh, and you can be sure, she earned her name.
She is also far from the only awesome lady in this story.
As a baté, Osh-Tisch lived apart from the main area of the camp and had duties ranging from artist to medicine woman to shaman. She was not just any baté—she was the baté leader. Head baté in charge. Contemporary accounts described her as quietly dignified, almost regal.
But during the incident that earned Osh-Tisch her name, she was not acting in her traditional roles at all. Instead, she had taken up arms with her male brethren and gone to war against the Lakota. This act, while not unique in the history of Two Spirits according to Native American historians, was so incredibly rare that this author has yet to find a similar story elsewhere.
Osh-Tisch’s bravery would have been largely forgotten were it not for a Crow woman named Pretty Shield who spoke of it many years later. While recounting details of the Battle of the Rosebud (a battle in which the Crow fought in a coalition led by the US Army against the Lakota and Cheyenne tribes), Pretty Shield leaned forward and asked:
“Did the men ever tell you anything about a woman who fought . . . on the Rosebud?”
Surprised, the reporter replied, “No.” Pretty Shield chuckled, remarking that the men “do not like to tell of it.” She went on to tell a story of not just one but two take-charge women on the battlefield.
During the battle, a Crow warrior was wounded and fell from his horse. Sensing an opportunity, the Lakota charged forward to collect his scalp. In response, Osh-Tisch jumped off her horse, stood over him, and started shooting at the approaching Lakota “as rapidly as she could load her gun.”
Meanwhile, a second woman named The Other Magpie started to scream to create a distraction. Unlike Osh-Tisch, The Other Magpie (described as pretty, brave, wild, and unmarried) had no firearm. Instead, she had a stick. Not even a particularly good stick either: this was a coup stick.
What’s a coup stick, you ask? Well, the supremely brave (and possibly crazy) among certain Native American tribes would use decorative sticks in battle instead of weapons. These were coup sticks. For each hit scored, they’d rack up points and prestige in the world’s most extreme game of tag. Hit enough people and your coup stick got to be pretty dang fancy. The Other Magpie’s was not fancy. It was a stick with a single feather tied to it.
The Other Magpie, furious because her brother had recently been killed by the Lakota, rode into war with a simple coup stick at her side. Riding straight at the Lakota, she alternated between waving her stick wildly, spitting at them, and yelling, “My spit is my arrows.” Yeah.
With the Lakota distracted by this utterly bizarre sight, The Other Magpie hit one of them with her coup stick. A second later, the same guy was dead from Osh-Tisch’s bullet, as if The Other Magpie was some sort of supernatural harbinger of death. This act earned Osh-Tisch her “Finds Them and Kills Them” moniker. As the surviving Lakota gave up their scalping mission and scattered, The Other Magpie dismounted and scalped the newly dead Lakota in return. In the end, it was one of only 10 scalps collected by the Crow during the battle. The Other Magpie cut it into many pieces, so that more people could join in the post-battle ceremonial dancing back at camp.
Remember, kids, sharing is caring.
In the years following the Battle of the Rosebud, the Crow were confined to reservations, and it is here that the story starts to get sad. The various missionaries and government agents who visited the reservations were not okay with Two Spirits or anything they considered deviant—which is to say, everything save missionary position with your wife with the lights off. In the late 1890s, this attitude reared its head when an agent named Briskow imprisoned Osh-Tisch and the other batés. He cut their hair and made them wear men’s clothing. Various Crow described this as “crazy” and “a tragedy.”
The Crow Nation, however, rallied around Osh-Tisch. The tribal leaders did not hold much sway at this point in time with the US government, but they threw their full weight behind her and demanded that Briskow be fired. In short order, he was gone. To the Crow of the time, Osh-Tisch’s nature was not only completely accepted but even celebrated.
Unfortunately, harsh treatment from whites was not at all uncommon during this time, and a great many Two Spirits from other tribes ended up committing suicide after being forced into binary gender roles. A Lakota man described the treatment thusly: “I heard sad stories of winktes [Lakota Two Spirits] committing suicide, hanging themselves rather than change . . . after that, those who remained would put on man’s clothing.”
The handful of recorded interactions with Osh-Tisch support that. In every case, her white contemporaries (who usually referred to her as “him”) would ask her questions like why she wore women’s clothes. She’d reply that she was “inclined to be a woman, never a man.” When they asked what work she did, she said, “All woman’s work,” and, with no small amount of pride, produced an ornate dress she’d made. Her entire life she tried to explain and normalize what and who she was. Under her leadership, a quiet intertribe outreach effort began to emerge, linking all the different tribes’ Two Spirits in secret communication in an attempt to facilitate understanding.
Sadly, her efforts were for naught. She is one of the only Two Spirits whose name and story survives to the present day.
After Osh-Tisch died in 1929, the restrictive moral code of Western missionaries took hold in the Crow Nation and became internalized. With no others to take up the role of baté, the institution died out, and its ancient knowledge with it. This happened across almost all Native American tribes. Even though there has been a modern movement to reinstitute the idea of Two Spirits among the tribes, it has been met with great resistance. Modern-day Two Spirits suffer persecution and hate crimes even by members of their own tribe. While everyone agrees that Two Spirits existed, the tradition, wisdom, and acceptance of these roles has been lost to history. It is important to remember and to honor them.
So here’s to Osh-Tisch: a bridge between genders, between worlds, between tribes.
A Note on The Term “Two Spirit”
Two Spirit is a term likely to trip up a lot of people. Virtually all Native American tribes subscribe to the idea of more than two genders, encompassing identities such as women born as men and vice versa, as well as homosexual, pansexual, and asexual people and the like. “Two Spirit” is most closely analogous to “transgender,” but it’s not a direct synonym and should not be used in this case, as many Two Spirits take exception to being lumped under, or appropriated by, the term “transgender.” So that word’s out.
Back in the day, Two Spirits were referred to as berdache. This is a term that absolutely nobody should ever, ever use, as its origins are somewhere between the French word for “male prostitute” and the Persian word for “slave.” You’ll find it a lot in old literature on the subject, but that word’s definitely out.
Earlier online drafts of this entry used the terms “male-bodied” and “female-bodied,” which some find troublesome, so those are out too. Subsequent drafts used “biologically male-sexed,” which some still didn’t like. The preferred term as of this writing is “assigned male/female at birth”—which, unfortunately, may not be accurate in this case. Not all native tribes assign gender at birth (some wait as late as four years old), and there’s no evidence that Osh-Tisch was ever assigned male by her tribe. However, given that most native children were assigned gender at birth, it seems reasonable to use that language.
Lastly, since each tribe has totally different numbers, kinds, social roles, and even words for said genders, many take exception to even being lumped under the umbrella of Two Spirit. So that word would arguably be out, except there’s really no other word to use for the phenomenon.
English is imperfect, y’all!
(enjoy the art? you can get it as a poster, shirt or phone case!)Art Notes
- Initially, this entry was going to be entirely on Osh-Tisch, but The Other Magpie couldn’t just be left out.
- Osh-Tisch is wearing the same outfit as in the one surviving picture of her. This is actually not historically accurate, since she wore men’s clothing to the battle. She is portrayed, however, as she liked to portray herself.
- As an aside, the reason Pretty Shield gave for Osh-Tisch dressing like a man (just for a day) in the Battle of the Rosebud was that, were she to die, she didn’t want the Lakota laughing at her by finding a biologically male-assigned-at-birth person in women’s clothing. I don’t quite understand this line of thinking, as the Lakota winkte were also male-assigned-at-birth women, and they were respected greatly by the Lakota.
- The plants beside her in the picture are a nod to her shamanistic medicine woman role.
- Both The Other Magpie and Osh-Tisch have long, luxurious hair. Anthropologist George Catlin described at length how the Crow took pride in their hair.
- The Other Magpie is, of course, spitting.
- Osh-Tisch is firing a period-accurate Winchester rifle, although they might have been using other guns, like Springfield rifles, at the Battle of the Rosebud.
- And as a final aside: the names of Pretty Shield’s parents were Kills in the Night and Crazy Sister-in-Law. Which is pretty rad.
And lastly, as regards my use of the pronoun “she” to describe Osh-Tisch: that is, as best I can tell, how Pretty Shield referred to her, so I am deferring to that.
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Next Time on Rejected Princesses
One of the greatest ransoms in history.
I don’t know if the US Army would have been supplying rifles to the Crow (probably not, but I suppose you never know) but if they had, those would have been 1873 Springfields, not Winchesters.
The line “as rapidly as she could load her gun”, from Pretty Shield also leans me away from any of the Winchester rifles of that era, because those were all repeating rifles; You didn’t have to reload them between each shot, as you would with the “Trapdoor” 1873 Springfield.
I dunno. I’m just jabbering because I like guns, and talking about guns. :)
–Gun Nerd Fan of Rejected Princesses
Hah, good to know! Yeah, I have no knowledge of the weaponry used by the Crow at the Battle of the Rosebud. They were fighting alongside the US military forces, so I figured giving them similar weaponry wouldn’t be out of the question.
Right. But what I was trying (and possibly failing, heh) to say is that the U.S. Army of the time wouldn’t have been using Winchesters either. The U.S. Army was definitely using the 1873 Springfield. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn#Weapons_used_at_the_Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn) The Winchester repeating rifles (of any model) were never U.S. Army issue. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_rifle#United_States)
The Lakota and Sioux might well have been using Winchesters, and were definitely using the Henry .44 lever action repeater. (Little Bighorn link above.) Which I suppose means that the Crow might have had them at the Rosebud, too.
Man. I am totally nerdsplaining at you. I am so sorry. :p
Still, despite my quibbling and nerdery, you’re totally correct that there’s a non-zero possibility that Osh-Tisch would have had a ’73 Winchester, a ’76 Winchester (though less likely, given the location of the battle and the rate of propagation in those days), or even a ’66 Winchester, which would like almost exactly like the one you illustrated, only made out of a yellowish bronze / brass alloy.
OK. I’m going to totally stop talking now, unless you want to keep talking about this subject. ;)
Hah, fair enough! Thanks for the additional info. :D
Osh-Tisch and The Other Magpie were not the only warrior women at the Rosebud. The Arapaho war chief Pretty Nose fought that day, as did the Cheyenne warrior Buffalo Calf Road Woman. In the case of the latter, the Cheyenne’s oral traditions call the Battle of the Rosebud ‘The Fight Where the Girl Saved Her Brother’ as a result of Buffalo Calf Road Woman’s actions.
dude thats pretty cool thanks for the historical accuracy :)
This is very late, but regarding on how to refer to gender/sexes, I tend to use XX and XY when talking about binary bodies because I consider myself gender queer. Given that, I’d think maybe the term XY woman or the ilk would have worked? It’s not a term I’ve heard other people use, so I can’t really say whether or not it’d be accurate or offensive.
Just unasked for input of a random internet user. ¯_(ツ)_/¯
I like this tradition of earning your name as an adult. It makes a lot more sense to me, figuring out who a person is before deciding what to call them
These days Two Spirits is being used as an umbrella term for all First Nations peoples in the LGBT community. I’m very pale skinned due to German on one side but of First Nations descent and about burst into tears when I learned that there is actually a name for those of us in that community. I was visiting a state with a much higher First Nations concentration than my home state and saw a poster for a Two Spirit support group while visiting a First Nations book store.
I think earning your name is a super cool idea – of course, I immediately think of the things I might be named (“Free Speech via Too Many Bumper Stickers”) Native people used to come up with names like “Crazy Horse” and “Panther in the Sky” – very cool names. But if we earned our names now, the most popular name would be something along the lines of “Never Looks Up From Her Cell Phone”. Not so good. A close second would be “Internet Troll”. Actually, it would probably be in the country’s best interest to label internet trolls.
What about Lozen? She was a kick ass native warrior too.
She’s on the list – I want to get the okay from her tribe before doing an entry on her, though. I did a ton of research on her a while back and man, it’s going to be a very emotionally taxing entry to write.
Unfortunately there’s no way of telling what her chromosomal makeup would be without performing a DNA test on her remains. So I personally prefer not to use terms like XX and XY because most people with sex chromosome variants never know they have them, or don’t know until it has an impact on their health.